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Most times, they are not ignoring the command as much as failing to understand it. 'Down' is one effective technique for imposing your alpha position. When a dog is 'down' it can't knock over furniture or children. We can wsh it were so but it's not and never will be! Though the average grown dog has a mental development someplace approximately on the level of a human two year old, there are more deviations than there are similarities.Part of that patience means keeping your temper when you would like to lash out physically. Physical punishment just isn't an effective training technique. But dogs make choices very differently from people. Associate a unique hand signal and tone with the command. But a nearly equal number will underestimate the time, skill and elbow grease it takes to do it as it needs to be done - Especially if they are a new dog owner and have bought a high energy breed when they should have gone for a lower energy submissive type.Dog Training - How NOT To Train Your DogJust about every dog owner truly wants to train their dog well.After several repetitions try just using a 'waving down' hand movement, palm toward the floor or ground. Simultaneously, gently take both the dog's forelegs and pull toward you, issuing the voice command. To start take advantage of spontaneous behavior. The latter they do only when they have no choice. It's easy to use physical punishment as the first route of correcting a dog's behavior. Try to be away from other voices. But dogs tend to be happy when the alpha is, and upset when he is.When a dog sits he's more attentive, making it easier to follow commands. It instills fear, not trust. For the slow learner or assertive dog, it may be necessary to use a collar and short leash - two to four feet is best - 'Sit' the dog and kneel down facing him. They don't associate cause and effect in the same way. Fortunately, almost every dog can learn 'sit' quickly. But they can be easily distracted, or fail to associate today's case of 'come' with yesterday's action and subsequent reward.As a result, it can be frustrating to repeat the same command over and over, only to have the dog apparently ignore you. Beyond the need to establish that you are the alpha (leader), it has a number of benefits. It's totally counter-productive and won't help anyway. It also leads to behaviors like 'rollover' and 'crawl'. Never reward until the behavior is complete - Also don't become tense or angry after failure. Follow those futile techniques and you'll harvest the pay back of a neurotic dog and you will be an unhappy owner.Dog Training - Sit Command - Few behaviors are as fundamentally important as 'sit'. Don't be harsh, but don't give up easily either. Be patient, clear and consistent. .If the dog backs up do the technique near the couch or a fence where he has nowhere to go. With repetition comes understanding.Patience is the number one required quality, therefore. Wait for a movement from standing or sitting to down. And never let him train you. You want the dog to associate the position with good feelings - his and yours.Fortunately,"Down" is usually easy to train. Now bring out other techniques. Many dogs take two years to learn anything beyond the easiest basics to the point that it consistently sticks. Praise the dog lavishly.To command
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The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children. Whenever they fell ill he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin, Emma Wedgwood. He examined this topic in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of crossing amongst many organisms. Despite his fears, most of the surviving children went on to have distinguished careers as notable members of the prominent Darwin-Wedgwood family.
Of his surviving children, George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society, distinguished as astronomer, botanist and civil engineer, respectively. His son Leonard, on the other hand, went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.
Religious views
Though Charles Darwin’s family background was Nonconformist, and his father, grandfather and brother were Freethinkers, at first he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible. He attended a Church of England school, then at Cambridge studied Anglican theology to become a clergyman. He was convinced by William Paley’s teleological argument that design in nature proved the existence of God, but during the Beagle voyage he questioned, for example, why deep-ocean plankton had been created with so much beauty for little purpose as no one could see them, or the problem of evil of how the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs could be reconciled with Paley’s vision of beneficent design. He was still quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality, but was critical of the history in the Old Testament.
When investigating transmutation of species he knew that his naturalist friends thought this a bestial heresy undermining miraculous justifications for the social order, the kind of radical argument then being used by Dissenters and atheists to attack the Church of England’s privileged position as the established church. Though Darwin wrote of religion as a tribal survival strategy, he still believed that God was the ultimate lawgiver. His belief dwindled, and his grief at the death of his daughter Annie in 1851 made him more certain in his scepticism. He continued to help the local church with parish work, but on Sundays would go for a walk while his family attended church. He now thought it better to look at pain and suffering as the result of general laws rather than direct intervention by God. When asked about his religious views, he wrote that he had never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God, and that generally “an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind.”
The “Lady Hope Story”, published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted back to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were refuted by Darwin’s children and have been dismissed as false by historians. His daughter, Henrietta, who was at his deathbed, said that he did not convert to Christianity. His last words were, in fact, directed at Emma:
“Remember what a good wife you have been.”
Political interpretations
Darwin’s theories and writings, combined with Gregor Mendel’s genetics (the “modern synthesis”), form the basis of all modern biology. However, Darwin’s fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements which at times had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.
Eugenics
Following Darwin’s publication of the Origin , his cousin, Francis Galton, applied the concepts to human society, starting in 1865 with ideas to promote “hereditary improvement” which he elaborated at length in 1869. In The Descent of Man Darwin agreed that Galton had demonstrated the probability that “talent” and “genius” in humans was inherited, but dismissed the social changes Galton proposed as too utopian. Neither Galton nor Darwin supported government intervention and thought that, at most, heredity should be taken into consideration by people seeking potential mates. In 1883, after Darwin’s death, Galton began calling his social philosophy Eugenics . In the 20th century, eugenics movements gained popularity in a number of countries and became associated with reproduction control programmes such as compulsory sterilisation laws, then were stigmatised after their usage in the rhetoric of Nazi Germany in its goals of genetic “purity”.
Social Darwinism
The ideas of Thomas Malthus and Herbert Spencer which applied ideas of evolution and “survival of the fittest” to societies, nations and businesses became popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, and were used to defend various, sometimes contradictory, ideological perspectives including laissez-faire economics, colonialism, racism and imperialism. The term “Social Darwinism” originated around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s with Richard Hofstadter’s critique of laissez-faire conservatism. The concepts predate Darwin’s publication of the Origin in 1859: Malthus died in 1834 and Spencer published his books on economics in 1851 and on evolution in 1855. Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature, and that sympathy should be extended to all races and nations.
Commemoration
During Darwin’s lifetime, many species and geographical features were given his name. An expanse of water adjoining the Beagle Channel was named Darwin Sound by Robert FitzRoy after Darwin’s prompt action, along with two or three of the men, saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing glacier caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats, and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin’s 25th birthday. When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin’s friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ship’s captain Wickham named Port Darwin . The settlement of Palmerston founded there in 1869 was officially renamed Darwin in 1911. It became the capital city of Australia’s Northern Territory, which also boasts Charles Darwin University and Charles Darwin National Park. Darwin College, Cambridge, founded in 1964, was named in honour of the Darwin family, partially because they owned some of the land it was on.
The 14 species of finches he collected in the Galápagos Islands are affectionately named “Darwin’s finches” in honour of his legacy. In 1992, Darwin was ranked #16 on Michael H. Hart’s list of the most influential figures in history. Darwin came fourth in the 100 Greatest Britons poll sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public. In 2000 Darwin’s image appeared on the Bank of England ten pound note, replacing Charles Dickens. His impressive, luxuriant beard (which was reportedly difficult to forge) was said to be a contributory factor to the bank’s choice.
As a humorous celebration of evolution, the annual Darwin Award is bestowed on individuals who “improve our gene pool by removing themselves from it.”
Numerous biographies of Darwin have been written, and the 1980 biographical novel The Origin by Irving Stone gives a closely researched fictional account of Darwin’s life from the age of 22 onwards.
Darwin has been the subject of many exhibitions, including the “Darwin” exhibition, which opened at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City in 2006, traveled to the Field Museum in Chicago, is currently being hosted by The Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto and will open in London in late 2009. The exhibit is part of a series of events celebrating the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species . Other celebrations include a festival at the University of Cambridge in July 2009, and "Darwin200," a series of events hosted by various British organizations under the auspices of London's Natural History Museum.
Works
Darwin was a prolific author, and even without publication of his works on evolution would have had a considerable reputation as the author of The Voyage of the Beagle , as a geologist who had
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